Background And Positivism Theories Of Law - 1399 Words

Background and Positivism Given his background of being a legal positivist, MacCormick appears to have developed his overarching positivist schema from Hart. This is evidenced by parallels between their respective theories of law. MacCormick’s informal normative order, as depicted in the example of queuing, is activity organised around a common normative opinion. This common normative opinion is a general sense among the relevant population that there are particular patterns of behaviour that everyone ought to follow. This is similar to Hart’s social rule which is a pattern of conduct that a relevant group participates in from the internal point of view. To participate in a pattern of conduct from the internal point of view is to treat†¦show more content†¦On the knowledge that Hart’s complex of social rules and MacCormick’s informal normative order both define their respective legal systems, we move on to address the resemblances between Hart’s unions of primary a nd secondary rules and MacCormick’s institutional normative order. Hart describes secondary rules as a complex of social rules and primary rules as rules of conduct which are regulated by secondary rules. On the other hand, MacCormick’s institutional normative order also constitutes two elements that parallel Hart’s primary and secondary rules. The first element is rules which are explicitly articulated norms and this runs parallel to Hart’s primary rules. The second element is informal normative orders which are rule- defining, these are similar to Hart’s secondary rules. The slight difference between Hart’s social rules and MacCormick’s informal normative order can potentially lead to important differences in their theories of law. The underlying idea of MacCormick’s legal system’s rule-defining informal normative order then becomes the ultimate determinant of what is and is not law. Without the requirement for an underlying idea, Hart will most likely disagree with MacCormick about what is and is not law, setting apart their theories. Immoral law cannot be law Despite his overarching positivist viewpoints as influenced by Hart, MacCormick is a self-proclaimed post-positivist who regards a central positivist

Cell Phone Landline Essay - 1395 Words

Cell phone are useful more that landline. The cell phones are used in everyday life for now day people.Cell phone has powerful system on the phone, but it depends on the type of phone or the brand of the phone but they landline is just being like each other.The cell phone you can take the phones anywhere but a landline has to stay in an area of your house.Now everyone has a cell phone and so people don’t ever have a landline so kid now don’t ever know about landline.Cell phones have minus use for people and landline only have one or two uses for people.A cell phone is any portable telephone which uses cellular network technology to make and receive calls.It is all about the technology used to transmit your calls, rather than what the†¦show more content†¦They both work the same, but the are different in the same way.Landline are in the house, but cell phone are everywhere.cell phone have to be change but so landline dont. In most instances, you can tap into cell phone features such as voice recognition , caller ID, and SMS message alerts as well. That is over 50 brand of cell phone so are Samsung,Apple,Sony,LG,HTC they are just some of the big names for cell phone.The landline is a day of the past, but people still use a landline but 41% of USA people have them landline of the household. But those people that use a landline. The landline have the use of the home, but not everywhere each. A cell phone is any portable telephone which uses cellular network technology to make and receive calls. The name comes from the cell-like structure of these networks. There is some confusion about cell phones being a different thing to smartphones, but technically, every mobile phone, from the latest Android handset to the simplest feature phone, is a cell phone. It is all about the technology used to transmit your calls, rather than what the handset itself can or cannot do. As long as a phone can transmit a signal to a cellular network, it is a cell phone. The term Cell Phone is interchangeable with the terms Cellular Phone and Mobile Phone. They all mean the same thing. The term Smartphone has come to mean a cell phone which offers more advanced features than just calls, SMS messages and basic organizer software.Show MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages Between a Cellular Network and Land Line Network1095 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both a cellular network and landline network in an enterprise environment. Both offer great advantages and both have their disadvantages. However, most organizations use both due to the fast paced, technologically advanced society we live in today. As stated above, most companies use both landlines and cellular networks. The reason for this is because of the flexibility this configuration offers. 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Life Threatening Interaction Between Protease Inhibitors And The Illic Essay Example For Students

Life Threatening Interaction Between Protease Inhibitors And The Illic Essay Word Count: 920Life-Threatening Interactions between Hiv-1Protease Inhibitors and MDMA and -Hydroxybutrate (GHB)IntroductionPurposeThe goal of this assignment, is to read the health journal and with an unbiased appraisal, decide whether the information is conclusive enough based on solely the information given to possibly change ones health practices. Why Topic SelectedIn todays college society, with the ever-growing number of sexually active students, HIV is quickly spreading. College students are known for being curious, and it can be extremely common for a person to have several partners in one year. It can also be common for college students to experiment with many illicit designer drugs, such as MDMA (ecstacy). Upon reading the title of this article, I became intrigued. Because both drugs and HIV affect the college student population, it could be very valuable information to the health of those persons who are infected with Hiv-1, who could possibly ingest such drugs as MDMA or GHB as a recreational activity. SummaryA man with AIDS, age 29, ingested 2 pills of MDMA. Approximately 29 hours later, while still feeling the effects of the amphetamine, the man ingested about ? teaspoon of GHB, known as a sedative, to help counter the persisting effects of MDMA.About six hours later, the man ingested another ? teaspoon of GHB. Within twenty minutes after taking the second dose, EMS reported the man became unresponsive and exhibited a brief episode of clonic contractions of both legs and then the left side of his body. EMS found the subject responsive only to painful stimuli, with shallow breathing, and a heart rate of 40/bpm. With the patients history of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cutaneous Kaposis sarcoma, thrush, and neutropenia, he was beeing treated at the time with protease inhibitors, ritonavir and saquinavir. These protease inhibitors have reports of helping the prognosis of HIV. The journal continues to try and prove, these inhibitors may cause an acceleration or deceleration of the bodys metabolism due to their effect on the cytochrome P450 system.Before being treated by these protease inhibitors, the subject had ingested similar quantities of MDMA and GHB without having the same adverse effects. Also during the time prior to administration (PTA), other persons had consumed similar quantities of the same solution GHB without these life-threatening effects. CritiqueThe work was a peer reviewed health journal in which a few medical doctors and pharmacist wrote about a single case and their findings. The study was done at the Dept. of Medicine, School of Medicine, Dept. of Pharmacy, and School of Pharmacy at the University of Washington, Seattle. Because the study was done on-campus, the funding probably came from grants and off-campus sources. This could lead to a potential bias if limited in funds or time by the source of the promoter. On the other hand, with proper funding the most exact results and conclusions could be drawn. Because the study was only started after the man accidentally had these effects occur, I assume the researchers used what information and equipment already available rather than seeking further funding. All authors names are accompanied by an MD, or PharmD, therefore, the journal article was created by a fairly knowledgeable source. The study was experimental, as it wasnt planned and all information was gathered after the fact. Only one case was reported and studied, therefore the sample size to be investigated is extremely limited. I believe that the authors of this article are most likely correct. There could possibly be an interaction between HIV protease inhibitors affecting metabolic rate, and the prolonged or shortened effects of many illicit drugs. Although the authors could possibly be correct about the relationship between the drugs, with such a limited sample size, it is hard to defend the evidence. Many of the conclusions are simply inconclusive. Many of the same results could have been mimicked by other conditions. For instance, in the journal, the exact milligram count of MDMA ingested is never discussed. It states that prior to taking protease inhibitors the man had in gested similar amounts of the same drugs without feeling the same effects, but the amount of milligrams could be altered from pill to pill. It also does not discuss how much food the subject had eaten, which would also effect the metabolic rate severely. Many combined conditions could have caused this reaction. The conclusions of the study are extremely logical, almost too logical in fact. This leads one to believe that this most simple conclusion was drawn from the inconclusive evidence. The conclusions from the study are limited. The information provided is only useful to those taking protease inhibitors, and illicit drugs (MDMA, GHB). Personally, this information is useless to me, as I am neither taking protease inhibitors, infected with HIV, nor taking MDMA or GHB. When I first started this study, it was always a premonition to never take two drugs at once, especially if one of them is considered an illegal, illicit one. After reading the study and finding that the subjects epis ode may have been caused by the reaction between the two drugs, I would certainly never take two drugs together. I would like to continue living a healthy lifestyle, and I do not feel that I will have to change any health behaviors as I am neither infected with HIV or taking illicit drugs.